The consequence of the current study is the preparation and evaluate drug loaded sustained release matrix tablets for “Diabetes Mellitus”, using hydrophilic carrier, hydrophobic and pH dependent polymers, by applying 23 factorial designs using Box–Behnken design. Glimepiride sustained release tablets were manufactured using a wet granulation technique with 23 factorial designs to incorporate a variety of ethyl cellulose concentrations, HPMC K15M, and Eudragit L100 in a variety of variations. The accurate objectives comprise generally to find the levels of the variable that affect the chosen responses and determine the levels of the variable .The quantity of polymers Ethyl cellulose, HPMC K100M and Eudragit L100 was selected as independent variables, X1, X2 and X3 respectively whereas, % swelling index and %CDR was selected as dependent variables. Additional to support Pre formulation studies FTIR and DSC studies were carried out. Interaction of drug with polymers was assessed by FT-IR spectroscopy; results indicated absence of chemical interactions between drug and the polymer. DSC curve of Glimepiride shows a sharp endothermic peak at 200.30°C indicating its crystalline nature and it’s compatible with the polymers. Totally sixteen formulations were designed and are evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression studies, In-vitro drug release and In-vivo studies. The findings revealed that all formulations had been identified within Pharmacopoeia limits, and that the dissolution profiles in-vitro of all formulations were matched to various Kinetic models, Polynomial equations were developed for % swelling index and %CDR. The optimized formulation was selected based on the high desirability value (close to 1). From overlay plot and desirability bar graph. The experimental value of prepared optimized formulation from the cross-validation model shows closer value to the predicted values. The prediction variance was less than 5.0 per cent. Lower relative error values suggested that there was near agreement between the experimental values and the expected values for all polymers on the % swelling index and the % release of the drug. So the optimized formulation was subjected to In-vivo studies, Blood glucose was estimated using one touch glucometer at specified time points. Histopathological examination (necrotic and fibrotic changes of islets of langerhans) was done.

Snakebite is listed as one of the Neglected Tropical diseases by the WHO and it accounts for over 4.5-5.4 million deaths annually. The large death rate is due to the unavailability, lack of specificity and other socio-economic problems. This review was conducted considering the recurrent flood and the resultant rise in snake bites across Kerala and it aims to provide knowledge about snake venom and its effect on a human body, the different treatments available and also to contribute a scientific basis to potent herbal drugs having anti-ophidian activity which can be further employed for the production of a novel antidote against envenomation which would prove to be cost-effective and specific.

Osteoporosis is described as low bone mineral density (BMD) and a major health concern for postmenopausal women. However, osteoporosis and its risk factors have been significantly understudied in the middle-aged populations. The study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of Osteoporosis Prevention programme on bone mineral density among women. A Quasi experimental, post-test only design used with 90 samples in each group. Osteoporosis Knowledge and Health Belief scale and BMD machine was used. Study group had education on prevention of osteoporosis and self regulated brisk walking for 45 minutes, 5 days/ week for 3 months. BMD score revealed that 75(83.3%) had normal BMD in the study group and 48(53%) had osteopenia in control group. The knowledge and belief improved in study group with statistical significance at p<0.001 which concludes that osteoporosis prevention programme was effective in improving BMD and reduces osteopenia among middle aged women.

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of dietary and life stylemodification on BMI and hypertension of prepubertal children. A quantitative approach with an experimental designwas adopted: A comparison with dietary education with physical exercise (DEPE) (n=55) with control (C) group (n = 49) was done. The DEPE is a school-based dietary education and physical exercise for children andBMI and blood pressure (BP) was assessed after 3 months. ANOVA results showed significant improvements (p < 0.001) in the intervention group in BMI and BP and also BMI had strong positive correlation with BP. Dietary habits like eating refined foods and carbonated drinks did not show significant difference between study periods in both the groups.To conclude, dietary education and physical exercise in schools with adequate reinforcement is a simple, non-expensive and pleasant way to reach all the children and to bring significant behaviour modifications to reduce the risk factors of non – communicable diseases.

To combat the rapid spread of the current COVID-19 outbreak around the world, unprecedented steps have been taken. People's awareness and perceptions about COVID-19 have an effect on their adherence to control steps. When it comes to health care professionals, due to the augmented demand of them, even the novice students also needed to tackle and take care of the COVID-19 patients. This study investigated the effect of the peer-assisted teaching strategies (PATS) on COVID-19 among nursing students’ knowledge, attitude and practice. A pre-experimental pre and posttest without control group design was undertaken and the first year students were given education about COVID-19 by their seniors (4th year)  who are already on duty and taking care of active COVID-19 patients. The knowledge and practice score of the first year students showed significant improvement in the post-test in all the aspects such as standard precautions, common medications and care of patients with Covid-19. Also, vast majority of them had Positive attitude towards Covid-19 epidemic. There was significant correlation with knowledge, attitude and practice on Covid-19 among the nursing students which is significant at p<0.01 level. The study concludes that adequate training should be given to all the nursing students so that we can prevent undue infection to them as well as we can effectively battle this epidemic.

A Quasi experimental design was adopted for this study to find out the effectiveness of home-based exercise program on pain and functional ability of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Using convenient sampling technique, 50 patients in each study and control group were allotted.Assessments were performed at baseline and at 3 months. Pain was assessed by self reported Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC) and self reported WOMAC scale for assessing the physical function was used. For the study group, five home based exercises were taught and asked the patients to follow this for 3 months. The study results show that the pain and physical function scores were improved in the exercise group and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). The study concluded that a simple home exercise programme can significantly improve self reported knee pain and physical function among patients with Knee osteoarthritis.

Pain in childhood can have long-term and psychologically damaging consequences. Vaccines, unfortunately, are the most prevalent cause of childhood pain, which can lead to non-adherence to the prescribed vaccination schedule. As a result, it is the obligation of the health-care professional to take steps to limit vaccination pain. A true experimental research was conducted to assess the effect of distraction among children who undergo vaccination injection. With systematic random sampling technique, 120 (60 study, 60 reference) children were selected. Party blower as a distraction, was given to study group children before, during and after injection and pain perception was assessed immediately with FLACC scale while reference group underwent standard protocol. The results showed that the pain perception during vaccination was less in study group which is highly significant at P< 0.001. The study concludes that the party blower is effective in reducing pain perception of the children during IM infection.

Neonatal mortality is one of the most neglected public health issues. A major obstacle has been the incorrect perception of mothers that only costly, high-level technology and health facility-based care can decrease neonatal mortality. Hence, to assess the rural mothers knowledge, sensitivity and level of neonatal care service utilization, a community based survey was done.This study adopted a community based cross-sectional study design with a sample size of 100. The tools include a questionnaire to assess knowledge, a Likert scale for sensitivity and a checklist to identify the level of utilization of neonatal care services.The rural mothers had a mean knowledge of 14.23 ± 1.82, had sensitivity towards neonatal care with mean of 21.38±3.29 and utilized the services at the mean frequency of 7.21 ±.089. The correlation between knowledge, sensitivity and utilization of rural mothers which shows all these three variables had significant relationship with each other at p = 0.05 level. The study concludes that though the level of knowledge of rural mothers was moderate, community-based promotion of key neonatal care practices, such as women empowerment via education, promotion of appropriate IEC materials, and highlighting and delivering information and education to all pregnant women, to be undertaken.

Fractures appear to be more common in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). There is no compelling evidence that empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT) inhibitor, increases the risk of fracture. The purpose of this trial was to see how geraniin worked in combination with empagliflozin to prevent diabetic and antidiabetic drug-induced bone loss. Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats were administered either empagliflozin (10mg/kg/day) or geraniin (40mg/kg) alone or in combination for eight weeks. BMD (Bone mineral density) of the femur and lumbar vertebrae was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the end of the trial. Serum glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin serum were also tested. Both alone and in combination, empagliflozin and geraniin significantly reduced elevated blood glucose levels. Empagliflozin therapy significantly lowered HBA1C levels when compared to the positive control. The combination of geraniin and empagliflozin significantly decreased blood glucose and HBA1C levels. In the femur and lumbar vertebrae, empagliflozin had little effect on BMD, whereas geraniin treatment considerably improved these results. This research reveals that geraniin supplementation in diabetics taking empagliflozin may be an effective way to reduce diabetic-induced bone loss.

Physical limitations are frequently caused by wounds. Wound healing is the orderly evolution of a sequence of events that restore the damaged tissues integrity. Constipation, colitis, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, peptic ulcer, inflammation, heartburn, stress, and other ailments are treated using Aloe vera leaves pulp from Aloe arborescens species. Experimental evaluation of β-glucans with Aloe vera leaves pulp on wound healing activity via topical route on an excision wound model was carried out in this work. On an excision wound model, Aloe vera leaves pulp with β-glucans was discovered to have a better and faster wound healing effect than Aloe vera alone.