Background: The first line anti-tuberculosis drugs are known to cause dose related adverse drug reactions like peripheral neuritis and hepatotoxicity. The risk of getting peripheral neuritis have been avoided through a concomitant administration of pyridoxine; while hepatotoxicity remains to be a major adverse effect of anti- tuberculosis therapy. Many studies are working on finding ways to decrease the incidence of hepatotoxicity by making a link between pharmacokinetics pattern of anti-tuberculosis drugs and genetic polymorphism of the enzymes metabolizing them. One group of studies has reported a significant correlation and other group has reported the opposite. This study is aimed to solve the controversy by pooling the results of these two groups of studies, through a meta-analysis. Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Prospective trials that reported isoniazid acetylation status and hepatotoxicity were selected. Effect size was expressed as pooled risk ratios (RRs) comparing slow with fast acetylators. Results: Ten prospective studies with 1147 slow acetylators and 1083 fast acetylators met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Slow acetylators were more likely than fast acetylators to have anti-tuberculosis drug induced liver injury (ATLI) [RR, 1.72(95% CI: 1.42-2.09)]. Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that tuberculosis patients with a slow acetylator genotype had a higher risk of ATLI than patients with rapid acetylator genotype. Screening of patients for the NAT2 genetic polymorphisms may prove clinically useful for the prediction and prevention of ATLI.

Many studies emphasized the impact of community managed dengue vector control interventions, whose purpose was mainly to reduce Aedes mosquitoes breeding habitats particularly household water-holding containers. Strategies targeted to Aedes community based intervention are most of the time interested in areas of low-income countries which may have infrastructural problems and/or a difficulty to deploy sustainable insecticide based interventions. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of community based intervention introduced in Keren, Anseba Zone, Eritrea in late 2020. A prospective cross sectional study was used at the transmission season between August and December 2021. After intervention, entomological indices were significantly reduced. Before the intervention and soon after the intervention. HI,CI and BI was 79.8%, 37.7% and 148 respectively. Comparing to the normal range of these indices (HI<7, CI<5 and BI<20), the risk of the community to dengue epidemic was very high. A year after the intervention, a promising result was occurred. HI, Cl and BI indices were reduced to 9%, 2% and 23 respectively. Dengue fever cases were also reduced by 3 fold between 2020 and 2021. In conclusion, this study suggests that a comprehensive and enhanced dengue intervention strategy based on community engagement has significant effect to control a dengue.

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are a wide class of chemicals that include naturally occurring androgens like testosterone and their synthetically created analogues. AAS usage is viewed as a public health issue because of the negative effects that AASs have on all organs, tissues and bodily processes, particularly long-term toxicity that affects the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system. A range of different performance and image enhancing drugs are frequently taken, while anabolic steroids are by far the most over used. Increased knowledge is required in this area among the general public and healthcare professionals for diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative purposes. AAS side effects are caused by a number of processes that need to be better understood. Multiple organs and systems in both humans and animals are affected by AAS. In addition to anabolic steroids, some sportsmen also use other drugs such alcohol, opioids, cocaine, marijuana and gamma hydroxybutyrate, some of which might negatively interact with AASs. The sex, dosage and duration of administration of AAS all have an impact on its effects. Supraphysiologic doses of anabolic-androgenic drugs also have cardiovascular adverse effects. The often reported concomitant use of testosterone and cocaine increases the risk of thrombus, stroke and myocardial infarction. Steroids also cause hypertrophy of the myocardium, which also increases the likelihood of arrhythmias, sudden death, systolic and diastolic hypertension and myocardial infarction. AAS use is a decrease in tendon strength brought on by the dysplasia of collagen fibrils. In order to avoid AAS misuse, education and information are crucial.

Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common health care associated infection that significantly impacts patient safety and financial losses for health system. Patient safety is an important concern for all health care professionals, specifically for nurses. They provide health care services 24 hours a day to their clients in the hospitals and other health care settings. Nurses are considered as the “heart and soul” of every hospital. Nurses? knowledge and practices play a significant role to control of infections which ultimately enhances quality care of patients. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the knowledge and practice of nurses on the prevention of surgical site infection. Method: Cross sectional analytical study design was used to conduct the knowledge and practice of nurses regarding prevention of surgical site infection at the two National Referral Hospitals (Orotta and Halibet) in Asmara, Eritrea. Quantitative study approach was employed to assess the knowledge and practice of the nurses. All staff nurses (n=142) who work in surgical wards were included in the study. A structured pre-developed tool was adopted to conduct the study. Data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, Version 25) using ANOVA and t-Test. Result: The result revealed that the overall knowledge on prevention of SSI were high, moderate, low and very low in 5.63%, 14.79%, 42.96% and 36.62% of the nurses, respectively. The average knowledge on prevention of SSI was 15.08 out of 25. Nurses were found to have significantly higher knowledge on prevention of SSI at pre-operative stage (M=63.30%, SD=14.81) as compared to the post-operative (Mean=51.85%, SD=17.81). The majority (40.85%) of the nurses had high practice and 7.75% had very high practice. The average practice score was 76.72% out of 100%. Practice score of the nurses was significantly higher for the items assessing post-operative (Mean=84.44, SD=10.99) as compared to pre-operative period (Mean=69.41, SD=15.47). Knowledge score was not significantly different across the categories of demographic characteristics, however, practice score was different across the categories of years of experience (p=0.026). Moreover, practice score was significantly related with knowledge score (r=0.201, p=0.016). Conclusion:-Nursing practice related to prevention of SSIs is not satisfactory. Therefore, efforts to transform nurses' knowledge into practice is an important concern for educational and awareness programs to improve knowledge and practice changes in regard to prevention of SSI are also needed.

Background: Disability is a common health issue and health professionals’ attitudes towards people with disabilities are of great importance for providing proper care.Consequently, it is important that nurses develop or maintain positive attitudes towards people with disabilities during their education. Nevertheless, more knowledge is needed about current attitudes of nursing students and factors influencing these attitudes. Objective: To explore attitude of nursing students towards people with disabilities, Asmara, Eritrea. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to assess the attitude of nursing diploma students toward people with disability. The study conducted among Diploma nursing students in the Department of nursing of Orotta College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea from February to April 2022. A standard Questionnaire was used for data collection. The researchers used total eneumerative method as sampling method. The total sample size was 410.Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26. Descriptive results were summarized using frequencies and percentages in tables and graphs. P value < 0.05 was used to assert the independent effect of each variable on the outcome variable. Results: The average attitude score was found to be 95.26 (SD=15.16), with a range of 56 to 146. Only 5.9% of the students were found to have a positive attitude towards disabled persons and the remaining 94.1% had negative attitude. Age (p=0.024) and study year (p=0.04) were significantly related with the attitude score. Moreover, a significant decrease in attitude score was observed with increase in age (r_s=-0.111, p=0.024).Conclusion:The mass negative attitude of nursing students is not healthy sign for health profession. So there is need of activities and efforts to improve the attitude of nursing students to ward people with disability.